Tat Tvam Asi Mahavakya by Swami Sivananda The sage Uddalaka gave instructions to his son Svetaketu on the significance of Tat Tvam Asi Mahavakya nine times. This comes in Chhandogya Upanishad VI-7. The identity of Jivatma and Paramatma, the individual soul and the Supreme Soul is realised by meditating on the right significance of this Mahavakya or great sentence of the Upanishads. The relation between sound and its meaning is the Vritti of the sound. This Vritti is of two kinds, viz., Sakti Vritti and Lakshana Vritti. There is a power in the sound to generate the knowledge of the meaning of the sound. The direct connection between a sound and its meaning is its Sakti Vritti. The Parampara relationship between sound and its meaning, through the meaning known through the Sakti Vritti is the Lakshana Vritti of the sound. The meaning that is understood through the Sakti Vritti is the Vachyartha of the sound. The meaning that is understood by the Lakshana Vritti is the Lakshyartha of the sound. There are three kinds of relations, viz.,Samanadhi Karanya: (appositional) or the relation between two words having the same substratum. Visheshana-Visheshya: (the definitive) or the relation between the two words qualifying each other so as to signify a common object and Lakshya Lakshana Bhava: (the connotive) or the relation between two words and an identical thing implied by them (here Brahman). Samanadhi Karanya is the relationship between two words having the same substratum. by way of illustration take the sentence, This is that Devadatta. The word that indicates Devadatta connected with the past and the word this indicates Devadatta connected with the present. Both refer to one and the same person called Devadatta. Likewise, in the sentence Thou art That, the word That indicates consciousness characterised by remoteness, and the word Thou denotes consciousness characterised by nearness. Both refer to one and the same consciousness viz., the Brahman. The second relation is Visheshana-Visheshya Bhava. In the sentence, This is that Devadatta, that meaning a person endowed with the attribute of having been seen before is a conception of the past. They are dissimilar ideas but still they qualify each other so as to indicate a common object. Likewise in the Vedic sentence Thou art That, the meaning of the word Thou is consciousness characterised by nearness. They are dissimilar ideas but they qualify each other so as to indicate a common object. The third relation is Lakshya-Lakshana Bhava. In the sentence This is that Devadatta, this endowed with the attribute of having been seen at a particular place or in a particular dress or a particular time cannot be entirely identical with that endowed with the attribute of being seen at a different place, in a different dress in a different time. To equate them, therefore, we must abandon the inconsistent attributes and see the identity of the individual who has those varying attributes. Similarly in the Vedic sentence, Thou art That, to equate That, the omniscient, unmanifested Atman with Thou, the little-knowing, manifested, Jiva, we must abandon the inconsistent attributes such as omniscience and little knowledge etc., associated with That and Thou respectively and take up the pure consciousness which is common to both. Though the words That and Thou may indicate distinct conceptions, they must be taken to connote the same underlying reality or common consciousness. There are three kinds of Lakshana: Jahallakshan: Here the direct meaning of a sentence is abandoned completely in favour of an indirect meaning. For example, Gangayam Gosha, The village is on the Ganga. The direct meaning of The village is on the Ganga is abandoned in favour of the indirect meaning near the Ganga. There cannot be any village on the Ganga. There can be a village near the Ganga only. This Lakshana is not suitable for explaining Tat Tvam Asi Mahavakya because if the Kutasta Chaitanya, the Lakshyartha of Tvam Pada is abandoned, there is no Svarupa for the aspirant. Ajahallakshan: Here the direct meaning of a sentence is not abandoned but amplified. As for example, The red is running. Here we have to add the word horse, and understand as The red horse is running, because, redness being but a quality cannot run. This Lakshana also is not suitable to explain the identity of Jiva and Brahman in Tat Tvam Asi Mahavakya. Jahadajahallakshan: This is also known by the name Bhaga Tyaga Lakshana. Here a part of the direct meaning of a sentence is abandoned and another part is retained. As for example, This is that Devadatta, the associations regarding time and place are abandoned, but the person called Devadatta is retained. Likewise, in the great saying Thou art That the inconsistent attributes of remoteness and nearness, omni-science and little-knowledge, etc., associated with That and Thou respectively are abandoned and pure consciousness or Brahman, which is common to both is retained. The real meaning of the Vedic sentence is obtained by applying this Lakshana only. Identity of Jiva and Brahman is shown by applying this Lakshana. In the Vedic sentence, That art Thou or Thou art That, the direct significance of the word That is Maya plus the Brahman reflected therein, plus the pure Brahman, the substratum of Maya. The direct significance of the word Thou is Avidya plus the Self reflected therein plus Kutastha, the substratum of Avidya. The connotation or the real indicative meaning of the word That is pure Brahman. The connotation or the real indicative meaning of the word Thou is the Kutastha. The inconsistent attributes of Maya and Avidya have to be eliminated and the Kutastha whose nature is Existence, Knowledge and Bliss has to be identified with the pure Brahman whose nature is also Existence, Knowledge and Bliss. He who realises the identity through direct intuitive perception attains Moksha. He is a Jivanmukta. This is the emphatic unanimous voice of the Upanishads. Avidya and the Chaitanya that is at its back (Adhisthana Chaitanya, i.e., Kutastha), the individual subtle body that is the product of

Practical Aspect of Philosophy by Swami Sivananda Proper understanding of Vedanta and its principles, and practice of Vedanta in daily life is sure to bring peace, solace and happiness to a world distracted by war, communal strife, petty quarrels and religious fights. Atman the Self is the Ultimate Reality. It is the ultimate philosophical principle. It is the substratum for everything. It is the only living truth. It is the Brahman of the Upanishads. It is the Omkara of the Vedas. It is the foundation of society. It is the Support of this world. It is the prop of this body and Prana. It is the Impersonal Absolute. Supreme Peace or Parama Santi is the quest of your life. Peace, Moksha and Immortality are convertible terms (Paryaya Sabdas). Mental reaction to pleasure and pain will cease when you attain this state. All kinds of likes and dislikes (Raga-Dvesha) will vanish in toto, when you realise this state of absolute quietude. He who attains Knowledge of the Self is absolutely free from all desires because he knows that everything is in himself, and that there is nothing outside of himself to continue to desire. Aptakamasya ka spriha – What can he desire who has everything? Brahman is Paripurna (All-full), Nirapeksha (self-contained). How can desire arise in the mind of one who has realised the Self, who beholds the Self in all beings, and all beings in the Self? You have been given the key to unlock many of the secrets of life. That key is meditation. Meditate regularly in the morning between 4 and 6 and attain eternal bliss and immortality. Rigorous self-discipline and regular meditation will help you to fix your mind completely on the Eternal. Have self-confidence. Develop independent judgment. Cultivate the indomitable will. Practise self-control and self-mastery. You cannot attain freedom or peace without self-control. The man who is bitten by the serpent of ignorance will be cured by the Garuda Mantra called Jnana or Knowledge of Brahman.An ounce of spiritual experience is better than tons of theories, and study of spiritual books. A single glimpse of Brahman or the Immortal Soul will bestow on you illumination and remove the worldly intoxication of pride, delusion, pain and grief. Spiritual vision or Atmanubhava will stand out like a beacon light for you.Learn the principles of Divine Life and apply them to daily conduct in life. Become practical men in the spiritual path. The possession of Siddhis never brings one nearer to God. The development of psychic faculties does not itself imply any real spiritual progress. They tempt the aspirant and bring about his downfall. The attainment of cosmic consciousness is permanent in realised souls. It is like a glimpse in the beginning. Through steady meditation it becomes permanent or natural. The external world is the world of objects. The internal subjective world is the world of images created by the mind. Raga-Dvesha (likes and dislikes or attraction and repulsion) are not in the external objects of the senses. They dwell in the mind and in the internal images. Stop the wandering mind in the objective world through Trataka, Japa, Upasana, Pranayama. In the subjective world, wage a war against the image-producing mind either by Raja Yogic method of Chitta-Vritti-Nirodha (stopping all mental modifications) or the method of self-analysis and enquiry, the method of Jnana Yogins. The seed of this body is mind. There are two seeds for this mind, viz., vibration of Prana and Vasana. If Prana is controlled, the mind can be controlled. If Vasanas are eradicated through discrimination, Vichara, dispassion and meditation, the mind will be annihilated. The neem leaves are bitter when you are in normal health, but if you taste them when you are bitten by a cobra, they are sweet. Bitterness or sweetness does not lie in the leaves, but it lies in the subject. They are created by the mind. It is the mind that gives the qualities, shape, taste, etc., to the objects. Control this mind. Rise above this mind and be happy for ever. A doctor thinks that the advocate is happy. The advocate thinks that the businessman is happier. The businessman thinks that the judge is happier. The judge thinks that the professor is more happy. This is an illusion. This is a trick of the mind. No one is happy in this world. Real happiness can be had in one�s own Atman alone. The Jivanmukta alone who has realised the Self is ever happy. Therefore attain Self-realisation and be ever happy. To be timid is the greatest sin. To be selfish is the greatest offence. To identify oneself with the body is the greatest crime. To forget one�s own Atman is the greatest sin. Therefore destroy timidity and selfishness. Abandon identification with the body and remember always your essential divine nature. That which elevates you is virtue (Dharma), that which pulls you down is vice (Adharma) or sin; that which takes you to the goal is virtue, that which makes you a worldly man is sin; that which helps you to attain Godhead is virtue, that which hurls you down in the dark abyss of ignorance is sin; that which gives you illumination is virtue, that which causes intoxication is sin; that which purifies your heart is virtue, that which taints your heart is sin; that which gives you peace, joy, satisfaction, exhilaration, expansion of heart is virtue, that which brings restlessness, dissatisfaction, depression and contraction of heart is vice. Therefore practise Dharma. From Dharma knowledge arises. The ears hear sounds through the intelligence of Atman or the Self. The eyes perceive the objects through the intelligence of Atman. The tongue tastes objects through the intelligence of Atman. Atman is the director of the five senses of knowledge. Atman is the Ear of ears, Tongue of tongues. Atman is the potent magnet. If you know the hidden, all-powerful, all-wise director, if you have direct intuitive perception of this Atman by the practice of meditation, you will cross the

Jnana Yoga Resources In this section Jnana Yoga Resources, there will be various reference materials collected on the vast subject of Jnana Yoga would be provided for a study. We would be�continuously�adding materials to the section as and when we come across relevant study materials from the vast archive of Such Material of ours. Please explore the various sub-sections.

Tat Tvam Asi by Swami Sivananda The central truth of the Upanishads, the essence of the Vedanta, the goal of all wisdom and all spiritual practices, the reality of all realities, the quintessence of truth is that the individual self, the embodied soul, the Jiva, is identical with the Supreme, the Absolute, the Brahman, and this is what is meant by the great utterance of Self-revelation of the Upanishads: ‘Tat Tvam Asi’, That thou art. The nature of the inner essence of yourself and the nature of Brahman is one and the same, free from all change, impersonal and all-pervasive, infinite consciousness. You are not separate from Brahman: you are no other than the Brahman Itself and It alone you are, the Existence-Knowledge-Bliss Absolute, and this indeed, is the final truth which the sages of Realisation declare through their lives and this is the culmination of all spiritual experiences of the soul. . . Tat Tvam Asi, That thou art. Tat Tvam Asi is the Abheda-Bodha-Vakya of the Upanishad which is also the Upadesa-Vakya instructed by the Brahma-Srotri Brahma-Nishtha Guru to the Adhikari or the disciple. The non-separateness of Jiva and Brahman is brought out by this great aphoristic precept which Sage Uddalaka repeated nine times to his son and disciple Svetaketu. ‘Thou art That’ is the meaning carried out by this declaration of the Sruti. It has got a superficial verbal meaning or Vachyartha and an essential indicative meaning or Lakshyartha. The individual and the cosmic, Avidya and Maya, Jiva and Isvara, Atman and Brahman are the aspects which correspond themselves to the meaning of the terms ‘Tat’ and ‘Tvam’, ‘That’ and ‘Thou’. That identity of the two is brought out by the following illustration. A person Devadatta is seen by me in January at Delhi. I recognise him and say ‘This is Devadatta’. I go to Agra on another occasion and find the same Devadatta there in April and explain, ‘This is that Devadatta’, ‘Soyam Devadattah’, referring to the identity of the person seen at two places at two different times. The superimpositions which appear in the ‘January-Delhi-Devadatta’ and the ‘April-Agra-Devadatta’ are ignored and only the real ‘Devadatta’ is taken into account. The references to Time and Space. . . January, April, Delhi, Agra. . . are only temporary and relative, for the Devadatta who was in Delhi during the month of January cannot be different from the Devadatta who came to Agra during the month of April, because the person is the same, though the place and the time are different. Thus the identity of the two Devadattas is determined. The individual and the cosmic persons respectively limited by Avidya and Maya, namely, the Jiva and the Isvara are two personalities differentiated by space and time. When the verbal meaning or the Vachyartha of the Mahavakya is taken, the Jiva is asserted to be Isvara himself in the Pindanda. The Visva, Taijasa and Prajna of the microcosm or Pindanda correspond closely to the Virat, Hiranyagarbha and Isvara of the macrocosm or the Brahmanda. Thus the Jiva is an exact copy of or is identical with Isvara. But the Lakshyartha or the indicative meaning of the sentence is brought out by the illustration in the story by ‘Soyam Devadattah’ or ‘This is that Devadatta’. The limitations are cast off and the essence only is taken. Atman limited by Avidya is Jiva; Brahman limited by Maya is Isvara. When the Avidya of Jiva is cast off and the Maya of Isvara is ignored, what remains is Atman instead of Jiva and Brahman instead of Isvara. Just as the Devadatta of Delhi was the same as the Devadatta of Agra, the Reality of Isvara and the Reality of the Jiva are one and the same. Hence Atman is identical with Brahman. ‘Thou’ stands for the Atman and ‘That’ for Brahman, and the word ‘art’ or ‘Asi’ signifies the identity of the two as the one Akhanda-Ekarasa-Satchidananda-Ghana.

Vedanta Questions and Answers 1. WHAT IS ANUBANDHA-CHATUSHTAYA? This is the fourfold theme of Vedanta Philosophy. The first is the discussion about the Adhikari or the fit student of Vedanta. The student should have the necessary qualifications of the Sadhana-chatushtaya. The second is the discussion regarding the Vishaya or the main subject of the Vedanta. The Subject treated of is Brahman or the Absolute. The third theme is Sambandha or the relation that exists between the subject-matter and the text, i.e., the coherent exposition of the subject. The fourth is Phala or the fruit of the study of Vedanta. The fruit hereof is Moksha or Liberation. 2. IN WHAT WAY KARMA AND UPASANA PREPARE THE ASPIRANT FOR VEDANTA? Karma is performance of one’s own prescribed duty without the desire for any fruit therefrom. This removes the Mala or the impurity that is in the mind. Upasana is worship and contemplation of Saguna Brahman. This removes the Vikshepa or the tossing or the distraction present in the mind. Only after removing these two defects can one take up the study of the Vedanta in order to remove the last defect, viz., Avarana or veil of ignorance. 3. GIVE THE BEST DEFINITION OF BRAHMAN AND EXPLAIN ITS MEANING. The best definition of the nature of Brahman is ‘Satchidananda’. Sat is eternal existence. Chit is eternal and infinite consciousness. Ananda is eternal bliss. This existence, consciousness and bliss are really one and indicate the transcendental character of the Absolute. 4. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAYA AND AVIDYA? Maya is the cause, whereas Avidya is the effect. Maya qualifies Isvara but does not limit him. Maya is the Viseshana and not the constituent of Isvara’s existence. But Avidya is an Upadhi, a limitation, which enters into the very constitution of the Jiva. Maya is Suddha Sattva, Avidya is Malina Sattva or Sattva mixed with Rajas and Tamas. Maya is cosmic, Avidya is individual. Maya allows cosmic consciousness in Isvara. But Avidya limits the Jiva to body-consciousness. 5. WHAT IS THE VAIRAGYA? True Vairagya is born of discrimination and not of mere failure in life. Real dispassion is the effect of the perception of the impermanence of things, the falsity of the existence of happiness in objects, the knowledge of the distinction between reality and appearance. This Vairagya goes even up to Brahma-Loka, the highest phenomenal manifestation, and discards it as a dry straw. In other words. Vairagya is distaste for everything that is objective. 6. WHAT IS JAHAD-AJAHAD-LAKSHANA? HOW IS IT APPLIED IN VEDANTA? This literally means ‘leaving and taking’. For example, in a statement like ‘This is that Devadatta’, the words ‘this’ and ‘that’, though in fact signify immediate and remote objects respectively, are known to indicate one common person Devadatta. The differences denoted by the two adjectives are rejected in order to identify the single person called Devadatta. This illustration is applied in Vedanta to identify the essential meanings of the words ‘Tvam’ and ‘Tat’ in the declaration of the Upanishad ‘Tat Tvam Asi’. The limitations characteristic of the Jiva and Isvara are discarded and the underlying substratum, namely, the one consciousness which is unlimited is taken up as the sole reality. 7. WHAT IS SRAVANA-CHATUSHTYA? This is the fourfold process of Self-realisation, beginning with Sravana or hearing of the Vedantic Truth from the Guru, Manana or deep thinking and reflection over what is heard, Nididhyasana or profound meditation on the Self, and ending with Sakshatkara or realisation. 8. EXPLAIN THE THEORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE. There is an indescribable power in Brahman called Mula-Prakriti. This consists of three Gunas or modes called Sattva, Rajas and Tamas. Originally it is in Samya-Avastha or the state of equilibrium. It divides itself into Maya, Avidya and Tamasi through the three modes respectively. Maya gives rise to Isvara, Hiranyagarbha and Virat. Avidya gives rise to the individual Jivas. Tamasi divides itself into Avarana and Vikshepa. Avarana is twofold; viz., Asattva Avarana and Abhana Avarana. The Vikshepa Sakti gives rise to the five Tanmatras, viz., Sabda, Sparsa, Rupa, Rasa and Gandha. The Antahkarana is formed of the collective totality of the Sattva portion of these Tanmatras. The Prana is made up of the collective totality of the Rajasic portion of these Tanmatras. The Jnana Indriyas and the Karma Indriyas are respectively formed of the Sattvic and the Rajasic portions of these Tanmatras differently. The five gross elements, viz., sky, air, fire, water and earth are the effects of the quintuplication of the Tamasic portion of these Tanmatras. Thus is the creation of the universe. 9. WHAT IS DUHKHA PARAMPARA? This is the genealogy of pain. The original cause of all trouble is Ajnana or ignorance. From Ajnana comes Aviveka or non-discrimination. From Aviveka comes Ahamkara or egoism. From Ahamkara arises Raga-Dvesha or love and hatred towards objects. Raga and Dvesha beget Karma or action guided by its parents. Karma causes Janma or birth and from birth as an embodied being arises pain. Hence the cause must be destroyed in order to destroy the effect. 10. WHY IS NOT PAIN THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF THE ATMAN? The essential nature of a thing is called Svabhava. Its existence is called Svarupa. We cannot separate Svabhava from Svarupa. If pain is the Svabhava of the Self, destruction of pain would mean the destruction of Svabhava itself, i.e., the destruction of the Atman or the Self. To destroy the sweetness of sugar, the sugar itself has to be destroyed. Because destruction of the Atman is an absurd idea, and because destruction of pain is the only purpose of all endeavours, pain cannot be the essential nature of the Atman. 11. PROVE THAT SAT, CHIT AND ANANDA ARE ONE AND THAT THEY INDICATE INFINITY. Sat is existence. Existence has a value only when it is conscious, for consciousness can never be separated from existence as we see from our own experience. Since pain is the effect of a want, and since want is absent in Brahman because

Philosophy of Proverbs Very often we run after the shadow, discarding the substance in the background. In the spiritual sense, this theory is the very root of bondage. Instead of seeking God and realising his oneness with Him, man runs after His shadow, the world. This is the cause of all misery on earth. Even in the case of the meaning of the word ‘God’ itself we more often than not understand the ‘shadow’ rather than the real ‘substance’ that is God. We concentrate so much on this unreal thing that in course of time we lose consciousness of the existence of the real. In our admiration of the tree, we miss the grand spectacle of the wood! This is true of our understanding of the scriptures, too. How often have not reformers had to thunder forth to antagonistic millions the true significance of the teachings of the Prophets and Saints and dispel the darkness of wrong notions that had covered up the essence! The origin of most of the religions of the world could be traced out to this sort of renaissance. The source was only one religion. In course of time, people of deluded understanding began to interpret its tenets variously and started forming parties. They split themselves into opposing camps, each owning to be the sole votaries of the real purport of the ancients’ utterances. Then will arise a star who will dive deeper into the ocean of wisdom and bring out the pearl of Truth. Some will follow him; others will still strike the discordant note. The new Seer will get together a band of followers to propagate his teachings; and these will establish a new religion. And, so the game has gone on for ages! Besides the scriptural teachings, all religions have had the ‘sayings’ of their prophets. These are also classed under proverbs, though these include other ideas. Those of the proverbs which have such a spiritual background have as much of deep, secret and mystical meaning as the scriptural utterances themselves. This makes the real idea which they wish to convey to be misconstrued by posterity; and often some nonsensical notes are sounded in a futile attempt to give a true rendering of this sublime music! Let us take a few examples from the Tamil literature. There is a beautiful (and amusing as it has become nowadays) proverb which means: When you see (the) dog, there is no stone; when you see (the) stone, there is no dog. This has come to be regarded as a remark made by someone in a light vein, or at least not in a very serious mood. The proverb is taken to convey what it literally does. A man is passing along the road in a village. Several dogs stroll about him. What a pity! he is made to think, There are so many dogs all about me. How I wish there was a stone near at hand so that I could enjoy a throw at them! During a pilgrimage the same man looks at beautiful, well-polished stones lining the banks of the Ganga; then he thinks, What a pity, again! Here there are any number of the most lovely stones. But, not a dog to hit them with! This is the interpretation of the vulgar proverb. Even the serious amongst humanity nowadays will at best interpret it to man that this proverb merely restates an old idea regarding earthly fortunes. Where money is most needed, it is usually absent; where it is already superfluous, it is found in more and more abundance. Few care to stop to think what the proverb really has to convey. Before we proceed to examine the underlying sense of this proverb let us divert our attention to ‘God’ vis-a-vis the world. What is this world and what is God? Brahma satyam jaganmithya jivo brahmaiva na aparah, roared the ancient seers. God alone is truth; the world does not exist at all, they said. But, we see it? Posed the uninitiated. Yes, we see it as we see snake in the rope; as we see water in the mirage; as we see silver in the mother-of-pearl. A man comes home from his office, tired and exhausted and as he steps into his house, he feels that he has trodden a snake. He is not able to examine the thing in the darkness. In that weakened state, his reasoning fails him. His head reels; he is in the grip of fear. He imagines that he has been badly bitten by this snake. He staggers into the house and collapses into the nearest bed. At once a hue and crythe man has been bitten by the snake! He almost loses consciousness. Crowds of people surrounded his cot. Weeping and wailing; praying and prattling; pandemonium prevails in the house. A seasoned man with flowing grey hairs of wisdom enters and shouts: Leave the way, let me examine the patient. He gets nearer the bed, and calmly examines the man. Unable to detect any signs of snake-bite, he thinks, his hands combing the long beard, No, this can’t be. He is determined! Let me see, he says, Where did the snake bite you? The dying man feebly answers: Four yards away from the entrance. With a lantern in hand, the old man sets out on his errand. Of course, the snake if it had bitten him would not be stationary, still. Exactly on the spot mentioned by the patient, there was the snake. But the flash of light has turned it into an old garland of flowers! Triumphantly, with that garland-snake in hand, the old man returns to the deathbed and with a sagacious twitch playing on his lips, he exhibits the snake to the astounded audience. This is, my dear man, the snake that bit you. It has no poison-fangs. So, wake up. Change your shirt which is wet with perspiration. The dying man is at once electrified and the pain and fear leave

Mahavakyas by Swami Sivananda THAT TVAM ASI – (That Thou Art) Introduction ‘THAT THOU ART! – ‘Thus the Sruti emphatically and boldly voices forth the highest and most sublime truth that is the essence of all scriptures, nay, that is the goal of all scriptural teachings and assertions. It is the greatest declaration ever made on the face of the earth. It is the profoundest teaching ever given since the dawn of creation. It is the only way of expressing and indicating the Truth that is beyond the reach of the mind and the senses. It is the one unique teaching that comforts the distressed humanity and infuses inner spiritual strength and courage into them to pooh-pooh the miseries and pains of mundane existence and soar high into the realm of non-dual, all-blissful eternal Existence. If it be simple in the words that it employs, it requires the well-polished sharp intellect of the advanced aspirant to understand the subtlest Truth that it wishes to convey. If it be unostentatious in its expression, it is at once majestic and imperative in its utterance. If it be brief and blunt, aphoristic in its exposition of the highest Truth, it readily gets instilled deep in our hearts and minds, and from within us, it mysteriously raises our consciousness to that non-dual eternal plane of existence. Such is the greatness of this Mahavakya, Tat-Tvam-Asi, which the Upanishadic Rishi, Uddalaka, employed to impart Brahma-Vidya to his son and disciple, Svetaketu. The Means to Realisation Man is essentially Divine. He is not different from that eternal, non-dual substratum, Existence-Knowledge-Bliss Absolute. He is neither born into this Samsara, nor is he ever in a state of bondage. He is ever free, Nityamukta. His present miseries and sufferings, his pains and limited pleasures, births and deaths, are all due to his erroneous identification with the five sheaths and the three bodies. And, in turn, this erroneous identification is the result of not-knowing of the truth, or the forgetfulness pertaining to it. This ignorance, Causal Ignorance, is at the root of all actions and reactions. Only the annihilation of this ignorance can lead us to our original state of non-dual blissful immortal existence. This ignorance is not born of anything so that it can be destroyed through some action or other. It is simply a negative aspect. Just as absence of lights brings in darkness, absence of the sun brings in the night, so too, absence of Real Knowledge has brought in this Causal Ignorance. No amount of fighting with darkness or night will destroy them. But, when the lamp or the sun is there, they disappear into nothingness, without leaving a trace. Similarly, where there is True Knowledge, there exists not even a trace of this Causal Ignorance. That True Knowledge is the Knowledge pertaining to our real, eternal, immortal Self which is not touched either by the causal ignorance or the effects of causal ignorance, just like the sun is not touched by the darkness of the night. So, knowledge alone is the means for the Realisation of the Self; Self-Knowledge alone can liberate man from the meshes of Samsara. The Mahavakyas The scriptures, the Vedas and the Upanishads, exist to impart this Knowledge to all humanity so as to free them from this evanescent and ephemeral existence. Scriptural declarations can be grouped under three heads, viz.,Vidhi-Vakya or injunctions; Nishedha-Vakya or prohibitions; and Siddharthabodha-Vakya or the Mahavakya that proclaim the highest Truth, the identity of the Jivatman with the Paramatman, of the individual soul with the Supreme Soul. The first two exist to purify the deluded Jiva and make him fit to understand and assimilate the third; for, only in a purified mind intuition will dawn, and with that alone can one attain the Highest Knowledge. There are four Mahavakyas, each of the four Vedas containing one of them. The four Mahavakyas are: Prajnanam Brahma: ‘Consciousness is Brahman.’ This is called the Svarupabodha-Vakya or the sentence that explains the nature of Brahman or the Self. This is contained in the Aitareya-Upanishad of the Rigveda. Aham Brahma Asmi: ‘I Am Brahman.’ This is the Anusandhana-Vakya, the idea on which the aspirant tries to fix his mind. This is contained in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad of the Yajurveda. Tat Tvam Asi: ‘That Thou Art.’ This is the Upanishadic Vakya contained in the Chhandogya Upanishad of the Sama Veda. The teacher instructs through this sentence. Ayam Atma Brahma: ‘This Self is Brahman.’ This is the Anubhavabodha Vakya or the sentence that gives expression to the inner intuitive experience of the aspirant. This is contained in the Mandukya Upanishad of the Atharva Veda.Of these four Mahavakyas, Tat Tvam Asi is of great importance. It is the Upadesa-Vakya or Upanishad-Vakya. The Guru initiates the disciple into Brahma-Jnana only through this Vakya. This is also called Sravana-Vakya. This Mahavakya gives rise to the other three Vakyas. The Guru instructs the disciple through ‘Tat Tvam Asi, ‘Thou art That. The disciple hears it (Sravana), considers it deeply and reflects over the idea contained in it (Manana), meditates on that idea (Nididhyasana) and enters into Samadhi which leads to the Aparoksha Anubhuti, signified in the assertion Aham Brahma Asmi. To this experience, he gives expression through the Mahavakya Ayam Atma Brahma, and also asserts the nature or Svarupa of Brahman or the Self that he intuitively experiences through the Mahavakya Prajnanam Brahma. The three words contained in this Vakya have got to be carefully analysed and understood. Through Sravana and Manana of the meaning of this Sentence, indirect knowledge or Paroksha-Jnana is had, and that is enough to destroy all sins. This Knowledge helps the aspirant to disown all actions and reactions, to renounce all attributes that he has taken upon himself in ignorance. He can lead a care-free, unperturbed and detached life in this world. Nididhyasana and Samadhi give him the direct Knowledge or Aparoksha Jnana that frees him from causal ignorance which is the cause of the successive recurrence of births and deaths.

Sivanadna-Vidya by Swami Sivananda Khanda I Nature of Brahman Om! Brahman or Siva or the Impersonal Abso�lute is the Source and Substratum for the world of phenomena. He is the Source of the Vedas. From Him the world proceeds. In Him it lives. In Him it gets dissolved. He is Eternal, Self-existent, Self-luminous and Self-contained. He is all Full. He is beyond Time, Space and Causation. He is birthless, deathless and decayless. Khanda II Contradictions Reconciled He moves and moves not. He moves in His mani�fested or Saguna Aspect. He moves not in His Transcendental Aspect. He is smaller than the smallest and greater than the greatest. He is smaller than the smallest because He is the Soul of even the ant, the mustard and the atom, and He is extremely subtle. He is greater than the greatest because He is the Soul of this entire universe and extends beyond this uni�verse also, and He is Infinite. He is nearer than the nearest and farther than the farthest. He is nearer to the thirsty aspirants, but He is farther to those who are worldly-minded. He is nearer than the nea�rest because He is the Inner Soul of everything. He is farther than the farthest because He is Infinite. He is beyond the reach of mind and the senses (Avaangmanogochara). He cannot be reached by people of gross mind and outgoing senses. But He can be attained by that aspirant who is endowed with subtle, sharp, one-pointed intellect (Manasaivaanudrashta�vyam), and who is equipped with the four means, and the grace and the instructions of a Brahma-Srotri, Brahma-Nishtha Guru, on Tat-Tvam-Asi Mahavakya. Khanda III Vision of a Sage and a Worldly Man Brahman is the only Reality. He is the only Living Truth. The liberated Sage or Jivanmukta be�holds Brahman only everywhere. There is no world for him in the three periods of time. But the ignorant man sees only the five elements and the forms. The world of names and forms only is real for him. He denies Brahman altogether. Khanda IV Superimposition (Adhyasa) The man who moves in a desert in the noon sees mirage at some distance and mistakes it for water. He runs there to drink water but is disappointed. The rays of the Sun fall on the bed of sand and generate the mirage. The mirage appears as a sheet of water, and deludes man. Even so the worldly man beholds the five elements and the combinations, i.e., names and forms, on account of ignorance or Avidya. Avidya hides the real and makes the unreal appear as real.In the twilight a man mistakes a rope for a snake. gets frightened and cries. When a friend brings a light his fear vanishes. He sees a rope only. Even so a worldly man mistakes the impure, perishable body for the Pure Imperishable Atman and suffers in diverse ways on account of this erroneous notion or superimposition (Adhyasa) caused by Avidya. When the Avidya is destroyed through Brahma-Jnana or Knowledge of the eternal through initiation into the Significance of Tat-Tvam-Asi Mahavakya by the Preceptor or Brahma-Vidya Guru, he becomes identi�cal with the Supreme Soul. The world of names and forms vanishes in toto. He sees Brahman only. All his fears terminate. Khanda V Happiness is in Atman Only The feeling of pleasure is an internal feeling. There is no pleasure in physical objects, though they excite pleasure in man. Sensual pleasure is only a reflection of the Bliss of the Atman. When a desire is gratified, the mind moves towards the Atman and rests in Atman for a very short time, and the man ex�periences pleasure. Atman or Brahman only is the embodiment of Bliss (Ananda-Svarupa). Atman is full of Bliss (Anandamaya). Atman is a mass of Bliss (Ananda-Ghana). Khanda VI One Brahman is Both Material and Efficient Cause Brahman is both the material and the efficient cause of this universe (Abhinna Nimitta Upadana Karana). He is the fictitious material cause (Vivarta Upadana Karana). He somehow appears as this universe through Maya, without Himself being affected in the least, by names and forms. This is a Mystery. This is indescribable. Khanda VII Brahman is Unattached Just as the crystal is not affected by the coloured objects, though it reflects them, just as the Sun is not affected by the defects of the eye and other objects, just as ether is not affected by reason of its subtlety, so seated everywhere in the body, this Atman is not affected. Khanda VIII Qualifications of an Aspirant He who is equipped with the four means, who has purified his heart through selfless service (Nishkama-Karma-Yoga), service of Guru, Japa, Kirtana and Upasana, who is calm, dispassionate, reflective, dis�criminative, fearless, straightforward, humble, large-hearted, compassionate, generous, truthful, pure and who is free from pride, egoism, arrogance, will realise this Mysterious, Indescribable, Unthinkable, Brahman or the Imperishable. Khanda IX Kaivalyam Kaivalya-Mukti or Final Emancipation can be attained through Knowledge of Brahman. Krama-Mukti is attained through Bhakti. Mukti is not a thing to be achieved or attained. It is already there. You will have to know that you are free, by removing the veil of Ignorance. Khanda X Method of Meditation I am all-Blissful Siva OM!I am Immortal Brah�man OM!I am Existence-Knowledge-Bliss-Absolute(Satchidananda-Svarupoham) OM!I am Infinite (Ananta) OM!I am Eternal (Nitya) OM!I am ever Pure (Suddha) OM!I am Perfect (Siddha) OM!I am ever Free (Mukta) OM!I am Unattached (Asanga) OM!I am Witness (Sakshi) OM!I am Non-doer (Akarta) OM!I am Non-enjoyer (Abhokta) OM!I am not this Prana OM!Satchidananda-Svarupoham OM!This is the Quintessence of Kevala Advaita Vedanta or Absolute Monism.Thus ends the glorious Sivanand-Vidya! OM! Sivananda-Vidya (Commentary) Introduction The Science of Knowledge of the Reality is the King of all sciences �Rajavidya� as the Gita terms it. It is the Kingly Secret (Rajaguhya), the best and the end of all sciences. It is the only real science in the strictest sense of the term; all others are mere semblance of science. It is the rational way of entering into the

Sri Rama Gita Once when Lord Rama was alone and at ease, Lakshmana approached Him in all humility and reverence and asked this question: O Bhagavan (Lord), I desire to know from You the sure path to final liberation ‘Moksha’. O Lotus-eyed, please instruct me about it briefly. Notes: Lakshmana is Rama’s brother. He wants the way of getting Moksha. Lakshmana is very free with Rama. Even then, he did not ask this question hurriedly and irreverentially. He treated Sri Rama as Lord (Bhagavan) and asked the question when Rama was not otherwise engaged. Lakshmana is no other than Adisesha. There is nothing for him to know about. Rama and himself are one. But still to guide the people of the world, Lakshmana addressed Rama as Bhagavan and asked the way to Moksha. Guru is God. A disciple should approach the Guru at a proper time, suitable to Guru, with devotion and faith, just as Lakshmana did, if he wants to be freed from the round of births and deaths. The Sloka also indicates that it is not possible to know the science about the Self by mere reading of books. One has to approach a Guru and hear the teachings of the Guru with faith and devotion. Arjuna surrendered to Lord Krishna and requested Him to take him as His disciple: Tell me for certain which is better. I am Thy pupil. Teach me; I am seeking refuge in Thee. Also in the Chhandogya Upanishad, we find Uddalaka asking his son Svetaketu to approach a Guru and learn the Sastras. Svetaketu went to a Guru and learnt all the Sastras and returned home puffed up with pride. Uddalaka, finding his son puffed up with pride asked him: Tell me, my son, that one by knowing which there is nothing else to be known. Svetaketu did not know the answer and said arrogantly If there is anything like that my teacher should have told me. Very soon Svetaketu knowing his fault, fell at the feet of his father, and prayed for mercy and finally learnt the truth. O Rama! Tell me about Jnana and Vijnana which are to be attained through intense devotion and dispassion. There is no other teacher in the world than Your Holiness who can teach me this. Jnana: Knowledge obtained through study of scriptures and hearing of Srutis. Vijnana: Knowledge obtained through intense Nididhyasana, practical knowledge. Notes: One seeking for liberation should approach a Guru just as Lakshmana did. One should completely surrender oneself to the Guru and pray for his mercy and grace for bestowing on him Jnana and Vijnana. One should glorify the Guru. Guru is no other than God; God puts on the garb of a Guru and appears before a disciple seeking liberation. Lord Rama replied: My dear, I will disclose to you the greatest secret, namely, Paramatman, by knowing which the illusion of the world immediately disappears. Notes: Brahma-vidya, according to Sastras, should not be given to each and every one. When a disciple approaches a Guru for instruction, the Guru tests the disciple in a variety of ways, before imparting knowledge of Self. Indra had to do penance for 101 years to know that thing by knowing which there is nothing else to be known. It is only after a series of tests that Lord Yama taught ‘Atma Vidya’ to Nachiketas. It is only when the Guru is satisfied with the disciple, that the ‘Brahma Jnana’ will be imparted to the disciple. But here strangely enough we find, on mere asking, Lord Rama imparting knowledge of Self to Lakshmana. Rama is no other than God, the Creator of Universe. He can do anything. He can give ‘Moksha’ to sinners, if He so desires. We find in the Bible how Lord Jesus made many sinners pure. Jesus is none other than God. Even a sinner gets Moksha or final emancipation by getting Darshan of the Lord. So the necessity for testing Lakshmana before imparting knowledge of Self did not arise for Rama. Whereas other realised souls from Brahma onwards who carry out the behests of the Lord, have to be careful, before imparting Atma Jnana and it is they that test the aspirants before imparting knowledge of Self to them. First, I will give you the description of Maya; after that I will explain to you the detailed process of acquiring Jnana, then I will tell you about Vijnana and afterwards about Paramatman, by knowing which one does not fear for anything. The mistaking of the body (which is not Self) for the Self is called Maya. This Maya is responsible for the creation of Samsara. Notes: The body is different from the Self; the five organs of knowledge, the five organs of action should not be mistaken for the Self. Even if these Indriyas are destroyed the person exists. This body is a mass of flesh, blood, bones, etc. The Self is different from this body. It is the director of the senses. The eyes see, the ears hear, the mind thinks, the Prana moves and the intellect decides through the Self. The Self is pure and eternal. But the ignorant man identifies himself with the body and gives more consideration to his body by enjoying the objects of senses. This is called Maya. Maya is responsible for the creation of Samsara. O giver of joy to the race! Maya has got two forms, Vikshepa and Avarana. by the former, Vikshepa, Maya is creating the whole world from Mahat-tattva down to Brahma and gross and subtle bodies. by the other form, Avarana, Maya is screening the knowledge of the Atman. Notes: The gross body consists of earth, water, fire, air and ether. The subtle body consists of five Tanmatras (sound, touch, form, taste and smell), Ahankara, intelligence and the ten Indriyas. Maya is creating the gross and subtle universe. Really they are nonexistent. Brahman is the only Reality. Maya is screening the knowledge of Self so that we mistake

Siva-Vidya by Swami Sivananda Khanda I Nature of Brahman Om! Brahman or Siva or the Impersonal Absolute is the Source and Substratum for the world of phenomena. He is the Source of the Vedas. From Him this world proceeds. In Him it lives. In Him it gets dissolved. He is Eternal, Self-existent, Self-luminous and Self-contained. He is all-Full. He is beyond Time, Space and Causation. He is birthless, deathless and decayless. Khanda II Contradictions Reconciled He moves and moves not. He moves in His manifested or Saguna aspect. He moves not in His transcendental aspect. He is smaller than the smallest and greater than the greatest. He is smaller than the smallest because He is the Soul of even the ant, the mustard and the atom, and He is extremely subtle. He is greater than the greatest because He is the Soul of this entire universe and extends beyond this universe, also and He is Infinite. He is nearer than the nearest and farther than the farthest. He is nearer to the thirsty aspirants, but He is farther to those who are worldly-minded. He is nearer than the nearest because He is the Inner Soul of everything. He is farther than the farthest because He is Infinite. He is beyond the reach of the mind and the senses (Avangmanogochara). He cannot be reached by people of gross mind and outgoing senses. But He can be attained by that aspirant who is endowed with a subtle, sharp, one-pointed intellect (Manasai�vaanudrashtavyam), and who is equipped with four means, and the grace and the instructions of a Brah�ma-Srotri, Brahma-Nishtha Guru, in Tat-Tvam-Asi Mahavakya. Khanda III Vision of a Sage and of a Worldly Man Brahman is the only Reality. He is the only living Truth. The Liberated Sage or Jivanmukta be�holds Brahman only everywhere. There is no world for him in the three periods of time. But the igno�rant man sees only the five elements and the forms. The world of names and forms only is real for him. He denies Brahman altogether. Khanda IV Superimposition (Adhyasa) The man who moves in a desert in the noon sees the mirage at some distance and mistakes it for wa�ter. He runs there to drink water but is disappointed. The rays of the sun fall on the bed of sand and gene�rate the mirage. The mirage appears as a sheet of water and deludes man. Even so the worldly man beholds the five elements and their combination, i.e., names and forms, on account of Avidya. Avidya hides the real and makes the unreal appear as real.In the twilight a man mistakes a rope for a snake, gets frightened and cries. When a friend brings a light his fear vanishes. He sees a rope only. Even so a worldly man mistakes the impure, perishable body for the Pure, Imperishable Atman and suffers in diverse ways on account of this erroneous notion or superimposition (Adhyasa) caused by Avidya. When the Avidya is destroyed through Brahma-Jnana or Knowledge of the Eternal through initiation into the significance of Tat-Tvam-Asi Mahavakya by the Preceptor or Brahma-Vidya Guru, he becomes iden�tical with the Supreme Soul. The world of names and forms vanishes in toto. He sees Brahman only. All his fears terminate. Khanda V Happiness in the Atman Only The feeling of pleasure is an internal feeling. There is no pleasure in physical objects, though they excite pleasure in man. Sensual pleasure is only a reflection of the Bliss of the Atman. When a desire is gratified the mind moves towards the Atman and rests in the Atman for a very short time, and the man ex�periences pleasure. Atman or Brahman only is the embodiment of Bliss (Ananda Svarupa). Atman is full of Bliss (Anandamaya). Atman is a Mass of Bliss (Ananda-Ghana). Khanda VI Brahmna is Both Material and Efficient Cause Brahman is both the material and the efficient cause of this universe (Abhinna-Nimitta-Upadana�-Karana). He is the fictitious material cause (Vivar�ta-Upadana). He somehow appears as this universe through Maya, without Himself being affected in the least, by names and forms. This is a mystery. This is indescribable. Khanda VII Brahmna is Unattached Just as the crystal is not affected by the colour�ed objects, though it reflects them, just as the sun is not affected by the defects of the eye and other objects, just as ether is not affected, by reason of its subtlety, so, seated everywhere in the body, this Atman is not affected. Khanda VIII Qualifications of an Aspirant He who is equipped with the four means, who has purified his heart through selfless service (Nish�kama Karma Yoga); service of Guru, Japa, Kirtan and Upasana, who is calm, dispassionate, reflective, discriminative, fearless, straightforward, humble, large-hearted, compassionate, generous, truthful, pure and who is free from pride, egoism, arrogance, will realise this Mysterious, Indescribable, Unthinkable Brahman or the Imperishable. Khanda IX Kaivalya Kaivalya-Mukti or final emancipation can be attained through knowledge of Brahman. Krama-Mukti is attained through Bhakti. Mukti is not a thing to be achieved or attained. It is already there. You will have to know that you are free, by removing the veil of ignorance. Khanda X Methos of Meditation I am All-blissful Siva OM!I am Immortal Brahman OM!I am Existence-Knowledge-Bliss �Absolute(Satchidananda Svarupoham) OM!I am Infinite (Ananta) OM!I am Eternal (Nitya) OM!I am ever pure (Suddha) OM!I am perfect (Siddha) OM!I am ever free (Mukta) OM!I am unattached (Asanga) OM!I am witness (Sakshi) OM!I am non-doer (Akarta) OM!I am non-enjoyer (Abhokta) OM!I am not this body OM!I am not this Prana OM!Satchidananda-Svarupoham OM!This is the Quintessence of Kevala-Advaita� Vedanta or Absolute Monism.Thus ends the glorious Siva Vidya! OM!