Nirjala Ekadashi Nirjala Ekadashi, one of the most significant and strict fasting days in Hinduism, is observed on the Ekadashi of the Shukla Paksha in the month of Jyeshtha (May–June). Unlike other Ekadashis where devotees may consume fruits, milk, or water, Nirjala Ekadashi is observed with a complete fast without even drinking water, hence the name “nirjala,” meaning “without water.” It is believed that observing this vrat with utmost devotion is equivalent to following all twenty-four Ekadashis of the year, granting immense blessings, forgiveness of sins, and liberation from the cycle of birth and death. Devotees spend the day in prayers, chanting Vishnu Sahasranama, and worshipping Lord Vishnu, as the Ekadashi fast is dedicated to him. Many also engage in charity by offering food, clothes, and water to the poor and needy, which is considered highly meritorious on this day. Despite being one of the most challenging fasts due to the summer heat, Nirjala Ekadashi is embraced with deep faith as a path to spiritual upliftment, divine grace, and ultimate salvation. Nirjala Ekadashi, observed in the Jyeshtha month, is considered the strictest Ekadashi fast as devotees abstain from both food and water throughout the day. Dedicated to Lord Vishnu, this vrat is believed to grant the combined merit of all twenty-four Ekadashis, ensuring divine blessings, forgiveness of sins, and ultimate salvation. Rituals & Traditions of Nirjala Ekadashi Nirjala Ekadashi, observed on the Shukla Paksha Ekadashi of the Jyeshtha month (May–June), is considered the strictest and most significant of all Ekadashi fasts in Hindu tradition. Unlike other Ekadashis where devotees may consume fruits, milk, or water, Nirjala Ekadashi requires complete abstinence from food and water for a full day and night, hence the name “nirjala,” meaning “without water.” Dedicated to Lord Vishnu, this vrat holds immense spiritual value, as it is believed to provide the combined merit of observing all twenty-four Ekadashis of the year. According to legend, Bhima, one of the Pandavas, who found it difficult to fast on each Ekadashi, was advised by sage Vyasa to observe just Nirjala Ekadashi with devotion, thereby attaining the fruit of all other Ekadashis. On this day, devotees engage in prayers, chanting of Vishnu Sahasranama, reading the Bhagavad Gita, and singing bhajans in praise of Lord Vishnu. Visiting temples and offering tulsi leaves, flowers, and incense to the deity are common practices. Charity also plays a vital role, as donating food, clothes, water, or shelter to the poor is considered highly meritorious. Though the fast is physically demanding, especially in the peak summer season, devotees observe it with deep faith, believing that Nirjala Ekadashi washes away sins, grants good health, prosperity, divine blessings, and ultimately, liberation from the cycle of birth and death. Spiritual Importance & Cultural Significance Nirjala Ekadashi, observed on the Shukla Paksha Ekadashi of the Jyeshtha month (May–June), is considered the most austere, powerful, and spiritually rewarding of all the twenty-four Ekadashis in the Hindu calendar. While most Ekadashis permit the intake of fruits, milk, or water, Nirjala Ekadashi requires complete abstinence from food and water for the entire day and night, which is why it is called “nirjala,” meaning “without water.” Dedicated to Lord Vishnu, this vrat is believed to bestow the combined spiritual merit of observing all the other Ekadashis of the year, making it especially significant for those unable to observe each fast individually. A popular legend associated with this vrat tells of Bhima, the Pandava prince, who loved food and found it difficult to fast on every Ekadashi; sage Vyasa advised him to observe Nirjala Ekadashi with full devotion, and by doing so, he received the blessings equal to following all Ekadashis. On this day, devotees engage in chanting Vishnu Sahasranama, reciting the Bhagavad Gita, listening to stories of Lord Vishnu, and offering tulsi leaves, lamps, and flowers to the deity. Visiting temples, performing yajnas, and singing bhajans are also common practices. Charity plays an equally important role, as donating food, water, clothes, or essentials to the poor is believed to multiply the blessings of the fast. Though it is physically demanding, especially in the scorching summer heat, devotees undertake it with deep faith, believing that Nirjala Ekadashi washes away sins, brings prosperity, ensures divine grace, and ultimately leads to liberation (moksha) Food & Sweets & Modern Celebrations Nirjala Ekadashi, observed on the Shukla Paksha Ekadashi of the Jyeshtha month (May–June), is regarded as the most austere, powerful, and spiritually rewarding of all the twenty-four Ekadashis in the Hindu calendar. While other Ekadashis allow devotees to consume fruits, milk, or water, Nirjala Ekadashi demands complete abstinence from both food and water for the entire day and night, hence the name “nirjala,” which means “without water.” Dedicated to Lord Vishnu, this vrat is believed to grant the combined spiritual merit of observing all the Ekadashis of the year, making it especially significant for those unable to fast regularly. A famous legend connected to this vrat is that of Bhima, the second Pandava, who was known for his strong appetite and found it difficult to fast on each Ekadashi. On sage Vyasa’s advice, he observed Nirjala Ekadashi with sincerity, and by doing so, he attained the benefits of all the other fasts together. On this sacred day, devotees engage in worship of Lord Vishnu by chanting his holy names, reciting the Bhagavad Gita or Vishnu Sahasranama, performing yajnas, and lighting lamps and incense in temples. Offering tulsi leaves, flowers, and prayers to Vishnu is considered especially auspicious. Charity is also an essential aspect, with devotees distributing water, food, clothes, or essentials to the poor and needy, as helping others is believed to multiply the blessings of this fast. Despite the physical challenge of abstaining from even water in the peak summer heat, Nirjala Ekadashi is observed with immense faith, as it is believed to destroy sins, grant good health, prosperity, and divine blessings, and ultimately lead the devotee toward moksha, or liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

Gita Jayanti Gita Jayanti is the sacred day that marks the birth of the Bhagavad Gita, the divine discourse delivered by Lord Krishna to Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra, which is believed to have occurred on the Ekadashi of the Shukla Paksha in the month of Margashirsha. On this day, devotees celebrate by reading and reciting verses from the Bhagavad Gita, organizing discourses, and reflecting upon its timeless teachings of duty, righteousness, devotion, and selfless action. The festival emphasizes the importance of following the path of dharma and balancing worldly responsibilities with spiritual wisdom. Temples, especially in Kurukshetra, hold special prayers, yajnas, and Gita recitation programs, attracting thousands of pilgrims. Many people also perform charitable acts, distribute religious texts, and engage in meditation and spiritual discussions. Gita Jayanti is not only a religious observance but also a reminder of the eternal wisdom imparted by Lord Krishna, which continues to inspire humanity to live with courage, righteousness, and devotion, making it a festival of knowledge, truth, and spiritual awakening. Gita Jayanti is the sacred day when Lord Krishna imparted the timeless wisdom of the Bhagavad Gita to Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra. Devotees celebrate by reciting verses, organizing discourses, and reflecting on its teachings of duty, devotion, and righteousness, making it a festival of knowledge, truth, and spiritual awakening. Rituals & Traditions of Gita Jayanti Gita Jayanti is a sacred and highly revered occasion that marks the day when Lord Krishna imparted the divine teachings of the Bhagavad Gita to Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra during the great war of the Mahabharata. This event, which took place on the Ekadashi of Shukla Paksha in the holy month of Margashirsha, is considered one of the most significant spiritual milestones in Hinduism. The Bhagavad Gita, a timeless scripture consisting of 700 verses, is often described as the “Song of God” and presents a complete guide to righteous living, combining the paths of karma yoga (selfless action), bhakti yoga (devotion), and jnana yoga (spiritual wisdom). On Gita Jayanti, devotees celebrate by reading and chanting verses from the Gita, organizing mass recitations, attending discourses, and reflecting upon its universal message. Special celebrations take place in Kurukshetra, where thousands of pilgrims gather to participate in yajnas, fairs, prayers, and cultural programs dedicated to the sacred dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna. Temples across India and abroad also organize events to spread the teachings of the Gita, encouraging people to practice righteousness (dharma) and spiritual discipline in daily life. Gita Jayanti is not only a commemoration of a historical event but also a reminder of the eternal values of duty, devotion, and wisdom that continue to guide humanity. Spiritual Importance & Cultural Significance Gita Jayanti is a sacred festival that commemorates the day when Lord Krishna imparted the divine teachings of the Bhagavad Gita to Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra during the great war of the Mahabharata. This momentous event, which took place on the Ekadashi of Shukla Paksha in the auspicious month of Margashirsha, is regarded as a turning point in spiritual history and one of the most significant events in Hindu tradition. The Bhagavad Gita, consisting of 700 profound verses, is known as the “Song of God” and serves as a timeless guide to righteous living. It presents the essence of spiritual philosophy by combining the paths of karma yoga (the yoga of selfless action), bhakti yoga (the yoga of devotion), and jnana yoga (the yoga of wisdom), inspiring people to balance material duties with spiritual growth. On Gita Jayanti, devotees celebrate by reciting verses from the scripture, participating in mass chanting, organizing spiritual discourses, performing yajnas, and engaging in group prayers and devotional singing. Kurukshetra, the very land where Lord Krishna delivered his divine message, becomes the focal point of grand celebrations, attracting thousands of pilgrims who take part in fairs, religious rituals, and cultural programs. Temples across India and abroad also organize special events to spread the universal message of the Gita, encouraging followers to uphold dharma, live with courage, and practice devotion in their everyday lives. More than a festival, Gita Jayanti is a spiritual reminder that the eternal wisdom of the Gita continues to guide humanity toward truth, righteousness, and inner peace. Food & Sweets & Modern Celebrations Gita Jayanti is a highly revered festival that marks the day when Lord Krishna revealed the divine wisdom of the Bhagavad Gita to Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra during the epic war of the Mahabharata. This event, which took place on the Ekadashi of Shukla Paksha in the holy month of Margashirsha, is considered one of the most sacred and spiritually significant occasions in Hindu tradition. The Bhagavad Gita, consisting of 700 verses, is regarded as the “Song of God” and is one of the most important scriptures in the world, offering timeless teachings that address the fundamental questions of life, duty, righteousness, devotion, and liberation. It harmoniously blends karma yoga (selfless action), bhakti yoga (devotion), and jnana yoga (knowledge), providing practical guidance for living a balanced and purposeful life. On Gita Jayanti, devotees engage in reading and chanting verses from the Gita, attending discourses, performing yajnas, and reflecting on its universal philosophy. Special celebrations are held in Kurukshetra, the land where Lord Krishna delivered this divine message, drawing thousands of pilgrims who participate in fairs, rituals, cultural programs, and mass recitations. Temples and spiritual organizations across India and abroad also observe the day with lectures, kirtans, and charity, spreading the eternal message of the Gita to people of all ages. The festival is not only a commemoration of a historical and divine dialogue but also an occasion to remind humanity of the eternal values of duty, devotion, and spiritual wisdom.

Kartik Purnima Kartik Purnima, observed on the full moon day of the Hindu month of Kartik, is considered one of the most sacred and auspicious occasions in Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism. On this day, devotees take holy baths in rivers, especially in the Ganga, believing it washes away sins and brings spiritual merit. It is also associated with Lord Shiva’s worship, the birth of Lord Kartikeya, and the victory of Lord Vishnu in his Matsya avatar. In many regions, devotees light rows of diyas at temples and riverbanks, creating a breathtaking sight of glowing lights. For Sikhs, Kartik Purnima marks the birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism, celebrated with great devotion as Guru Nanak Jayanti. Jains observe it as the day Lord Mahavira gave his final sermon, known as Chaturmas Parvani. On this occasion, fairs, processions, and devotional gatherings are organized across India, spreading joy and faith. Kartik Purnima thus holds a unique significance across religions, symbolizing purity, devotion, knowledge, and the victory of light over darkness. Kartik Purnima, observed on the full moon of the Kartik month, is a sacred festival celebrated by Hindus, Jains, and Sikhs. Devotees take holy river baths, worship Lord Shiva, Vishnu, and Kartikeya, light diyas, and offer prayers. For Sikhs, it marks Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s birth anniversary, celebrated with great devotion. Rituals & Traditions of Kartik Purnima Kartik Purnima, observed on the full moon day of the Kartik month, is regarded as one of the most sacred and spiritually uplifting festivals across Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, celebrated with great devotion and reverence. In Hindu tradition, the day is considered highly auspicious for taking a holy dip in sacred rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna, or Godavari, as it is believed to cleanse sins, grant punya (spiritual merit), and pave the way to liberation. The festival is associated with the worship of Lord Vishnu, who is believed to have taken his Matsya (fish) avatar on this day to save humanity, as well as Lord Shiva, who is honored with special prayers and rituals, and Lord Kartikeya, the son of Shiva and Parvati, whose birth anniversary also falls on this occasion. Devotees illuminate temples, homes, and riverbanks with rows of diyas, creating a divine spectacle that symbolizes the triumph of light over darkness and the power of spiritual knowledge. For Sikhs, Kartik Purnima is of immense significance as it marks the birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the revered founder of Sikhism, celebrated through Gurpurab with prayers, kirtans, langars, and processions. Jains also revere this day as Chaturmas Parvani, commemorating Lord Mahavira’s last sermon, which laid the foundation of the Jain Agamas. Across India, fairs, devotional gatherings, charity, and cultural festivities are organized, filling the atmosphere with devotion and joy. Thus, Kartik Purnima is not just a festival but a symbol of purity, unity, and universal faith.Kartik Purnima, observed on the full moon day of the Kartik month, is regarded as one of the most sacred and spiritually uplifting festivals across Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, celebrated with great devotion and reverence. In Hindu tradition, the day is considered highly auspicious for taking a holy dip in sacred rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna, or Godavari, as it is believed to cleanse sins, grant punya (spiritual merit), and pave the way to liberation. The festival is associated with the worship of Lord Vishnu, who is believed to have taken his Matsya (fish) avatar on this day to save humanity, as well as Lord Shiva, who is honored with special prayers and rituals, and Lord Kartikeya, the son of Shiva and Parvati, whose birth anniversary also falls on this occasion. Devotees illuminate temples, homes, and riverbanks with rows of diyas, creating a divine spectacle that symbolizes the triumph of light over darkness and the power of spiritual knowledge. For Sikhs, Kartik Purnima is of immense significance as it marks the birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the revered founder of Sikhism, celebrated through Gurpurab with prayers, kirtans, langars, and processions. Jains also revere this day as Chaturmas Parvani, commemorating Lord Mahavira’s last sermon, which laid the foundation of the Jain Agamas. Across India, fairs, devotional gatherings, charity, and cultural festivities are organized, filling the atmosphere with devotion and joy. Thus, Kartik Purnima is not just a festival but a symbol of purity, unity, and universal faith. Spiritual Importance & Cultural Significance Kartik Purnima, celebrated on the full moon day of the Hindu month of Kartik, is one of the most sacred and spiritually enriching festivals in India, observed with devotion by Hindus, Jains, and Sikhs. It is believed that taking a holy dip in sacred rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna, Narmada, or Godavari on this day absolves sins, grants punya (spiritual merit), and brings devotees closer to liberation. In Hindu tradition, Kartik Purnima is associated with several divine events: it marks the day when Lord Vishnu incarnated as Matsya, the fish avatar, to save the earth and preserve the Vedas; it is also connected with Lord Shiva, who is especially worshipped on this day with prayers, abhishekas, and offerings, particularly in places like Kashi and Pushkar; and it commemorates the birth anniversary of Lord Kartikeya, the son of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati, who is revered as the god of war and victory. On this day, devotees light thousands of diyas at homes, temples, and riverbanks, creating a mesmerizing sight symbolizing the victory of light over darkness and knowledge over ignorance. For Sikhs, Kartik Purnima holds immense importance as it coincides with Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s birth anniversary, celebrated as Gurpurab, with grand processions, devotional singing, langars, and prayers that spread the message of equality and compassion. Jains also observe this day as Chaturmas Parvani, when Lord Mahavira delivered his last sermon, later compiled into the Jain Agamas. Across India, fairs, religious gatherings, and cultural festivities are organized, with devotees engaging in charity, feeding the poor, and spreading goodwill. The festival, with its blend of rituals, devotion, and unity, emphasizes purity,

Govardhan Puja Govardhan Puja, celebrated a day after Diwali, is a festival dedicated to Lord Krishna’s lifting of the Govardhan Hill to protect the people of Gokul from torrential rains sent by Lord Indra. On this day, devotees prepare large varieties of food, known as Annakoot, and offer them to Lord Krishna in gratitude for his protection and blessings. People create symbolic representations of Govardhan Hill using cow dung, flowers, and food, and worship it with devotion, signifying respect for nature, cows, and the environment. Families and communities come together to perform rituals, sing bhajans, and distribute prasad, spreading joy, faith, and unity. The festival emphasizes humility, devotion, and the belief that sincere faith in God shields devotees from hardships and difficulties. Govardhan Puja, celebrated the day after Diwali, commemorates Lord Krishna’s lifting of Govardhan Hill to protect the people of Gokul from Lord Indra’s wrath. Devotees prepare Annakoot, a grand offering of food, worship symbolic models of the hill, sing bhajans, and distribute prasad, expressing gratitude, devotion, and respect for nature. Rituals & Traditions of Govardhan Puja Govardhan Puja, celebrated the day after Diwali, is a significant Hindu festival that marks the divine act of Lord Krishna lifting the Govardhan Hill to protect the people of Gokul from the furious rains and floods caused by Lord Indra. According to the legend, the people of Gokul used to worship Lord Indra, but Krishna advised them to worship the Govardhan Hill instead, as it provided them with fertile land, water, grass for cattle, and natural protection. Angered, Indra unleashed a storm, and to save the villagers, Krishna lifted the entire hill on his little finger, sheltering everyone beneath it. This event symbolizes the power of devotion, humility, and faith over pride and arrogance. On Govardhan Puja, devotees prepare Annakoot, a grand offering of many different food items, grains, vegetables, and sweets, which is presented to Lord Krishna as a token of gratitude. Symbolic models of Govardhan Hill, often made of cow dung, flowers, and food, are created and worshipped with great devotion, showing respect for nature and cows, which are considered sacred. Families and communities gather for puja, sing bhajans, perform rituals, and distribute prasad, creating an atmosphere of joy and togetherness. The festival not only honors Krishna’s protection but also conveys a timeless message of gratitude toward nature and reliance on devotion and humility. Spiritual Importance & Cultural Significance Govardhan Puja, celebrated on the day after Diwali, is a festival of deep cultural and spiritual importance that commemorates the divine act of Lord Krishna lifting the mighty Govardhan Hill to save the people of Gokul from the torrential rains unleashed by Lord Indra. According to the legend, the people of Gokul would worship Lord Indra for timely rains, but young Krishna advised them to instead worship Govardhan Hill, which provided them with fertile soil, water, grass for their cattle, and natural protection. Angered by this, Indra sent continuous rains to punish the villagers, but Krishna, using his divine power, lifted the hill on his little finger and sheltered all the people and cattle beneath it until the storm subsided. This victory highlighted the power of devotion, humility, and faith over arrogance and pride. To honor this event, devotees celebrate Govardhan Puja by preparing Annakoot, a grand feast made with a wide variety of food, grains, vegetables, and sweets, which is offered to Lord Krishna as an expression of gratitude. Many people also create symbolic representations of Govardhan Hill using cow dung, flowers, and food, which are worshipped with reverence, signifying respect for nature and cows. Families and communities gather for puja, sing devotional songs, perform rituals, and distribute prasad, spreading joy and togetherness. Govardhan Puja not only celebrates Lord Krishna’s protection but also reminds people to live in harmony with nature, appreciate its blessings, and practice humility, faith, and devotion in everyday life. Food & Sweets & Modern Celebrations Govardhan Puja, observed the day after Diwali, is a festival of great cultural, religious, and spiritual significance that celebrates the divine act of Lord Krishna lifting the Govardhan Hill to protect the people of Gokul from the devastating rains and floods caused by Lord Indra. According to the legend, the villagers of Gokul used to worship Indra for rains, but young Krishna advised them to honor the Govardhan Hill instead, as it was the true source of their well-being, providing fertile soil, water, food, and shelter for people and cattle. Offended by this, Indra sent torrential rains to punish the villagers, but Krishna, in his divine form, lifted the entire Govardhan Hill on his little finger, creating a vast umbrella under which all the people and animals found safety. This event is remembered as a symbol of humility and faith overcoming arrogance and pride, while also emphasizing the importance of nature. On this day, devotees prepare a grand offering known as Annakoot, which consists of a wide variety of food items, vegetables, grains, and sweets, offered to Lord Krishna in gratitude for his protection and blessings. Symbolic models of Govardhan Hill, often crafted from cow dung, flowers, and food, are worshipped with devotion, reflecting respect for the environment and the sacredness of cows. Families and communities come together to perform rituals, sing bhajans, light diyas, and distribute prasad, spreading joy and unity. Beyond its rituals, Govardhan Puja conveys a timeless message of living in harmony with nature, valuing humility, and keeping faith in divine protection, making it a festival of devotion, gratitude, and togetherness.

Naraka Chaturdashi Naraka Chaturdashi, also known as Choti Diwali or Kali Chaudas, is celebrated a day before Diwali to mark the victory of Lord Krishna, Goddess Satyabhama, and Goddess Kali over the demon Narakasura, symbolizing the triumph of good over evil and light over darkness. On this day, people wake up early, take ritual oil baths, wear new clothes, and light diyas to drive away negativity and invite positivity. Homes are decorated with rangoli and lamps, and families perform puja for health, prosperity, and happiness. In many regions, it is also associated with beauty rituals and self-care, known as Roop Chaudas. Naraka Chaturdashi not only prepares devotees for the grand Diwali festival but also reminds everyone of the eternal message that righteousness and truth always defeat evil and darkness. Naraka Chaturdashi, also called Choti Diwali or Kali Chaudas, is observed a day before Diwali to commemorate Lord Krishna’s victory over the demon Narakasura. People wake up early, take ritual oil baths, wear new clothes, light diyas, and decorate homes to ward off negativity and welcome health, prosperity, and happiness. Rituals & Traditions of Naraka Chaturdashi Naraka Chaturdashi, also popularly known as Choti Diwali, Kali Chaudas, or Roop Chaudas, is celebrated a day before the grand festival of Diwali and carries deep religious and cultural significance. According to ancient Hindu mythology, this day commemorates the victory of Lord Krishna, assisted by Goddess Satyabhama and Goddess Kali, over the demon king Narakasura, who had imprisoned thousands and spread terror and darkness across the world. His defeat is seen as the triumph of righteousness, truth, and light over evil, lies, and darkness, making Naraka Chaturdashi a festival that inspires hope and positivity. On this day, people wake up early before sunrise, apply fragrant oil to their bodies, and take a holy bath, which is believed to wash away sins, cleanse impurities, and invite good health and long life. Afterward, devotees wear new clothes, clean their homes, and decorate them with colorful rangoli, fresh flowers, and rows of glowing diyas to welcome prosperity and ward off negativity. Families come together to perform special puja for peace, happiness, and well-being, and in many regions, the festival is also associated with Roop Chaudas, when people follow traditional beauty rituals for enhancing inner and outer radiance. In the evening, homes shine with diyas, sweets are shared, Spiritual Importance & Cultural Significance Naraka Chaturdashi, also called Choti Diwali, Roop Chaudas, or Kali Chaudas, is an important festival celebrated a day before the grand Diwali and holds immense cultural, spiritual, and mythological significance. According to Hindu legends, it marks the victory of Lord Krishna, assisted by Goddess Satyabhama and Goddess Kali, over the demon king Narakasura, who had spread cruelty, fear, and darkness by capturing thousands of innocent beings. His downfall is remembered as the triumph of light over darkness and good over evil, a central theme of the Diwali season. On this day, people wake up very early, apply oil on their bodies, and take a ritual bath before sunrise, as it is believed to cleanse away sins, impurities, and negative energies, ensuring long life, health, and prosperity. After the sacred bath, devotees wear new or festive clothes, clean and decorate their homes with colorful rangoli, flower garlands, and rows of shining diyas, creating a warm and divine atmosphere. Families gather together to perform special puja for Goddess Kali, Lord Krishna, or Lord Yama, depending on regional traditions, and offer prayers for happiness, prosperity, and well-being. Naraka Chaturdashi is also widely known as Roop Chaudas, when people observe beauty and self-care rituals, believed to enhance inner glow and outer radiance. In the evening, lamps are lit in every corner of the house, sweets are shared among relatives and friends, and the joyous spirit of togetherness spreads everywhere. Food & Sweets & Modern Celebrations Naraka Chaturdashi, also known as Choti Diwali, Roop Chaudas, or Kali Chaudas, is celebrated a day before the grand festival of Diwali and is regarded as one of the most significant occasions in the Hindu calendar. Rooted in mythology and tradition, this day commemorates the great victory of Lord Krishna, with the support of Goddess Satyabhama and Goddess Kali, over the tyrant demon king Narakasura, who had spread terror, cruelty, and darkness by capturing thousands of innocent beings. The slaying of Narakasura is remembered as a powerful symbol of the triumph of good over evil, truth over lies, and light over darkness, a theme that perfectly aligns with the essence of Diwali. On Naraka Chaturdashi, people wake up before sunrise, apply fragrant oil or herbal ubtan to their bodies, and take a ritual bath, which is believed to remove impurities, sins, and negative energies, while blessing devotees with long life, good health, and prosperity. After this sacred bath, families wear new or festive clothes, decorate their homes with colorful rangoli designs, flower garlands, and rows of glowing diyas, symbolizing the spreading of light and positivity. The puja rituals vary across regions—some worship Lord Krishna for his victory, others honor Goddess Kali, while many also perform Yama Puja, seeking protection from untimely death. Naraka Chaturdashi is also associated with Roop Chaudas, during which people follow traditional beauty and self-care rituals, believed to enhance inner and outer radiance. In the evening, homes shine brightly with diyas, sweets are exchanged with relatives, neighbors, and friends, and firecrackers are burst in many regions to mark the joyous occasion. Beyond its rituals, Naraka Chaturdashi holds a deeper message—it encourages people to drive away darkness, ignorance, and negativity from their lives while embracing light, knowledge, goodness, and positivity. Thus, this festival not only honors a mythological victory but also prepares devotees spiritually and emotionally for the grand Diwali celebrations that follow, making it a cherished occasion of joy, renewal, and togetherness.

Lakshmi Puja Lakshmi Puja, celebrated on the main day of Diwali, is dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi, the deity of wealth, prosperity, and good fortune. On this day, devotees clean and decorate their homes with lights, diyas, and rangoli to welcome the goddess. Families perform rituals, chant prayers, and offer sweets, flowers, and coins to seek her blessings for happiness, success, and abundance. The lighting of lamps is believed to guide Goddess Lakshmi into homes, removing darkness and negativity. This puja not only symbolizes material prosperity but also spiritual well-being, making it one of the most important and auspicious parts of Diwali. Lakshmi Puja, celebrated on Diwali night, is devoted to Goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity. People clean and decorate their homes with lights, diyas, and rangoli to welcome her. Families perform rituals, offer prayers, and seek blessings for happiness, success, and abundance, making it a deeply auspicious occasion. Rituals & Traditions of Lakshmi Puja Lakshmi Puja, celebrated on the main day of Diwali, is one of the most important and auspicious Hindu rituals dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, prosperity, and good fortune. It is believed that on this sacred night, Goddess Lakshmi descends to the earth and visits homes that are clean, well-decorated, and illuminated with lamps, blessing her devotees with abundance and happiness. In preparation, families thoroughly clean and purify their homes, decorate entrances with colorful rangoli designs, hang torans made of flowers or mango leaves, and light rows of diyas to create a warm and divine atmosphere. As evening falls, idols or images of Goddess Lakshmi are placed alongside Lord Ganesha, the remover of obstacles and the giver of wisdom, and the puja begins with devotion. Offerings of sweets, fruits, flowers, coins, and incense are made, accompanied by the chanting of mantras and the singing of aarti to seek blessings for wealth, success, health, and peace. Businessmen and shopkeepers also perform special Lakshmi Puja in their workplaces to invite prosperity and progress in trade. Lighting diyas throughout the house is believed to drive away darkness, negativity, and misfortune, allowing positivity and divine energy to enter. More than just a ritual for material gain, Lakshmi Puja symbolizes spiritual well-being, family harmony, and inner light, reminding everyone of the deeper meaning of Diwali—the victory of light over darkness and good over evil. Thus, Lakshmi Puja stands at the heart of Diwali festivities, filling homes with devotion, joy, and hope. Spiritual Importance & Cultural Significance Lakshmi Puja, performed on the main day of Diwali, is one of the most sacred and widely celebrated Hindu rituals, dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, prosperity, and good fortune. According to tradition, it is believed that Goddess Lakshmi roams the earth on Diwali night, visiting homes that are pure, beautifully decorated, and illuminated with diyas, and she blesses her devotees with happiness, abundance, and success. In preparation for this special puja, families clean every corner of their homes, remove clutter, and adorn entrances with colorful rangoli, flower garlands, and decorative lights to create a welcoming environment for the goddess. In the evening, family members dress in new or festive clothes and gather together to worship Goddess Lakshmi along with Lord Ganesha, who represents wisdom and the removal of obstacles. Idols or pictures of the deities are placed on decorated platforms, and offerings of sweets, fruits, flowers, coins, rice, and incense are made with deep devotion. Sacred mantras are chanted, prayers are recited, and aarti is sung to seek blessings for health, wealth, peace, and prosperity. Businessmen also perform Lakshmi Puja in their offices and shops to invite good fortune and progress in trade. Lighting diyas in every room and corner of the house symbolizes driving away ignorance, darkness, and negativity, while inviting positivity, knowledge, and divine grace. Lakshmi Puja is not only about material blessings but also about spiritual growth, harmony, and inner peace, making it the central highlight of Diwali celebrations and a festival of hope, joy, and light. Food & Sweets & Modern Celebrations Lakshmi Puja, celebrated on the main day of Diwali, is one of the most important Hindu rituals dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, prosperity, and good fortune, and is observed with devotion, joy, and grandeur across India. It is believed that on this auspicious night, Goddess Lakshmi visits homes that are clean, beautifully decorated, and brightly lit with diyas, showering her blessings of happiness, abundance, and peace. Preparations for Lakshmi Puja begin days in advance, as families clean their houses thoroughly, remove clutter, decorate entrances with colorful rangoli designs and flower garlands, and arrange rows of earthen lamps and electric lights to create a warm and divine atmosphere. On the evening of Diwali, family members wear new or traditional clothes, place idols or pictures of Goddess Lakshmi alongside Lord Ganesha, who symbolizes wisdom and the removal of obstacles, and perform the sacred puja with devotion. Offerings of sweets, fruits, flowers, coins, rice, and incense are made, while sacred mantras are recited and devotional songs or aarti are sung. Many businessmen and shopkeepers also conduct Lakshmi Puja in their workplaces to seek prosperity and growth in trade. Lighting diyas in every corner of the house symbolizes the removal of darkness, ignorance, and negativity while spreading positivity, purity, and knowledge. Beyond the prayers for material wealth, Lakshmi Puja is also about seeking harmony, spiritual well-being, and inner peace, as the presence of light and devotion unites families and communities in festive joy. Thus, Lakshmi Puja not only stands at the heart of Diwali celebrations but also conveys the timeless message that light, goodness, and knowledge always triumph over darkness, evil, and ignorance.

Choti Diwali Choti Diwali, also known as Naraka Chaturdashi, is celebrated a day before the main Diwali festival. It marks the victory of Lord Krishna over the demon Narakasura, symbolizing the triumph of light over darkness and good over evil. On this day, people wake up early, take ritual oil baths, and light lamps to ward off negativity. Homes are decorated with rangoli and diyas, and families perform puja to seek blessings for health, happiness, and prosperity. Choti Diwali sets the tone for the grand Diwali celebrations that follow, filling the atmosphere with joy, light, and festive spirit. Choti Diwali, also called Naraka Chaturdashi, is celebrated a day before Diwali. It commemorates Lord Krishna’s victory over the demon Narakasura, symbolizing the triumph of light over darkness. People wake up early, take ritual baths, light diyas, decorate homes, and perform puja, welcoming happiness, prosperity, and festive joy into their lives. Rituals & Traditions of Choti Diwali Choti Diwali, also called Naraka Chaturdashi or Roop Chaudas, is an important festival celebrated one day before the grand Diwali. It holds special cultural, spiritual, and mythological significance in Hindu tradition. According to ancient stories, this day marks the victory of Lord Krishna, Goddess Satyabhama, and Goddess Kali over the demon king Narakasura, who spread fear and darkness in the world. His defeat symbolized the victory of light, truth, and goodness over evil, lies, and darkness. People celebrate this occasion with great enthusiasm by starting their day early, taking a ritual oil bath, and wearing new clothes. It is believed that such practices cleanse the body and soul of negative energies and bring blessings of health, wealth, and happiness. Homes are cleaned thoroughly, decorated with colorful rangoli designs, flowers, and beautiful diyas to create a divine and joyful environment. Families perform special prayers, light lamps in every corner of the house, and share sweets with loved ones. In many regions, firecrackers are also burst in the evening to mark the victory of light. Choti Diwali is also called Roop Chaudas because people focus on self-care and beauty rituals to enhance their glow and inner positivity. This festival prepares everyone for the main Diwali celebration, spreading joy, unity, and prosperity while reminding us of the eternal message of good triumphing over evil. Spiritual Importance & Cultural Significance Choti Diwali, also known as Naraka Chaturdashi or Roop Chaudas, is celebrated with great joy and devotion one day before the main festival of Diwali. This occasion carries deep cultural, spiritual, and mythological significance in Hindu tradition. According to legends, it marks the day when Lord Krishna, along with Goddess Satyabhama and Goddess Kali, defeated the cruel demon king Narakasura, who had imprisoned thousands of innocent people and spread darkness, fear, and suffering across the world. His defeat is remembered as a symbol of the victory of light over darkness and good over evil. On this day, people wake up early in the morning, apply oil on their bodies, and take a ritual bath before sunrise, as it is believed to remove impurities, negative energies, and bring purity, health, and long life. Devotees wear new clothes, clean their homes, and decorate them with rangoli, flowers, and rows of shining diyas to welcome positivity, peace, and prosperity. In the evening, families gather to perform puja, light oil lamps in every corner of the house, and share festive sweets and gifts with relatives and friends. Many people also burst firecrackers to celebrate the joyous occasion. Choti Diwali is also called Roop Chaudas, as people observe beauty rituals and self-care practices to enhance both inner and outer radiance. More than just rituals, this festival spreads happiness, unity, and festive spirit, while preparing everyone for the grand celebrations of Diwali that follow. It reminds us of the eternal truth that goodness always wins over evil. Food & Sweets & Modern Celebrations Diwali, also known as Deepavali, is one of the most important and widely celebrated festivals in India and by Indian communities around the world. Known as the Festival of Lights, Diwali symbolizes the triumph of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance. The festival typically spans five days, with each day holding its own cultural and religious significance. The main day of Diwali is marked by lighting oil lamps (diyas), decorating homes with rangoli (colorful patterns), bursting firecrackers, and performing prayers to Goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity. People clean their homes, wear new clothes, and prepare a variety of sweets and snacks to share with family, friends, and neighbors. Diwali also holds historical and religious meaning across different faiths—Hindus celebrate the return of Lord Rama to Ayodhya after defeating Ravana; Jains mark the spiritual enlightenment (nirvana) of Lord Mahavira; Sikhs commemorate the release of Guru Hargobind Ji from prison. The festival promotes unity, generosity, and joy, making it a time for family gatherings, community bonding, and the renewal of hope and positivity for the year ahead.

Diwali Diwali, the Festival of Lights, is one of the most widely celebrated festivals in India and around the world. It symbolizes the victory of light over darkness and good over evil. Traditionally, people celebrate by decorating their homes with oil lamps (diyas), bursting fireworks, and offering prayers to Goddess Lakshmi, the deity of wealth and prosperity. The festival also marks the return of Lord Rama to Ayodhya after his victory over the demon king Ravana, according to Hindu mythology. It’s a time for family reunions, feasting on sweets, exchanging gifts, and spreading joy and positivity. Diwali, also known as the Festival of Lights, is one of the most significant and widely celebrated festivals in India and among Hindu communities worldwide. It typically takes place in October or November, depending on the lunar calendar. Rituals & Traditions of Diwali Diwali, also known as the Festival of Lights, is one of the most important festivals in India and is celebrated by millions of people worldwide. It symbolizes the triumph of light over darkness, and good over evil. Diwali is celebrated over five days, with the third day being the main celebration. Homes are decorated with oil lamps (diyas), candles, and colorful rangoli patterns, and people burst fireworks to mark the occasion. According to Hindu mythology, Diwali commemorates Lord Rama’s return to Ayodhya after 14 years of exile and his victory over the demon king Ravana. In addition to the Hindu significance, Diwali is also celebrated by Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists for different historical and religious reasons. Families come together to pray, particularly to Goddess Lakshmi, for wealth, prosperity, and good health in the year ahead. The festival is a time for feasting on sweets, wearing new clothes, and exchanging gifts, spreading joy, positivity, and harmony among communities. Spiritual Importance & Cultural Significance Diwali, also known as Deepavali, is a major Hindu festival celebrated with great enthusiasm across India and many parts of the world. Known as the Festival of Lights, Diwali symbolizes the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and good over evil. The celebration usually lasts five days, with the third day being the most important. Homes are cleaned and decorated with oil lamps (diyas), candles, fairy lights, and colorful rangoli designs. Firecrackers are burst, and families gather for festive meals, prayers, and the exchange of sweets and gifts. One of the main religious aspects of Diwali is the worship of Goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity. According to Hindu mythology, Diwali marks Lord Rama’s return to Ayodhya after defeating the demon king Ravana. For Jains, it celebrates the nirvana of Lord Mahavira; for Sikhs, it commemorates the release of Guru Hargobind Ji from imprisonment. Diwali is a time for joy, togetherness, and new beginnings. It brings communities closer, encourages generosity, and fills the atmosphere with positivity and hope for the year ahead. Food & Sweets & Modern Celebrations Diwali, also known as Deepavali, is one of the most important and widely celebrated festivals in India and by Indian communities around the world. Known as the Festival of Lights, Diwali symbolizes the triumph of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance. The festival typically spans five days, with each day holding its own cultural and religious significance. The main day of Diwali is marked by lighting oil lamps (diyas), decorating homes with rangoli (colorful patterns), bursting firecrackers, and performing prayers to Goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity. People clean their homes, wear new clothes, and prepare a variety of sweets and snacks to share with family, friends, and neighbors. Diwali also holds historical and religious meaning across different faiths—Hindus celebrate the return of Lord Rama to Ayodhya after defeating Ravana; Jains mark the spiritual enlightenment (nirvana) of Lord Mahavira; Sikhs commemorate the release of Guru Hargobind Ji from prison. The festival promotes unity, generosity, and joy, making it a time for family gatherings, community bonding, and the renewal of hope and positivity for the year ahead.

Akshaya Tritiya Akshaya Tritiya, also known as Akti or Akha Teej, is a highly auspicious Hindu festival celebrated on the third day of the bright half of the Vaishakha month (April–May). The word Akshaya means “never diminishing,” and it is believed that any good deed, charity, or investment made on this day multiplies and brings lasting prosperity. According to Hindu mythology, Akshaya Tritiya marks several sacred events: the beginning of the Treta Yuga, the day Lord Parashurama, the sixth incarnation of Vishnu, was born, and the occasion when Lord Krishna bestowed endless wealth and food upon Draupadi through the Akshaya Patra. Devotees observe the day by performing puja, offering prayers to Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, and engaging in acts of charity like feeding the poor or donating essentials. It is also considered highly favorable for starting new ventures, buying gold, or beginning spiritual practices. Akshaya Tritiya thus holds immense cultural and spiritual importance, symbolizing prosperity, blessings, and the eternal flow of good fortune. Akshaya Tritiya is a sacred Hindu festival celebrated in Vaishakha month, symbolizing endless prosperity, success, and good fortune. On this day, devotees worship Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, perform charity, and start new ventures, believing that all good deeds done will bring lasting blessings. Rituals & Traditions of Akshaya Tritiya Akshaya Tritiya, also called Akha Teej, is one of the most auspicious and spiritually significant festivals in Hinduism, celebrated on the third day of the bright fortnight (Shukla Paksha) in the Vaishakha month, which usually falls in April or May. The word Akshaya means “imperishable” or “never diminishing,” and the day is believed to ensure eternal prosperity, good fortune, and success. According to Hindu beliefs, any virtuous act, charitable donation, or new beginning undertaken on this day brings everlasting rewards and blessings. It is considered highly favorable for marriages, housewarming ceremonies, business ventures, and especially for buying gold, which symbolizes enduring wealth and prosperity. Mythologically, Akshaya Tritiya is associated with many sacred events such as the birth of Lord Parashurama, the sixth incarnation of Vishnu, the beginning of the Treta Yuga, and the episode from the Mahabharata where Lord Krishna gifted the Pandavas the Akshaya Patra, ensuring an endless supply of food during their exile. Devotees observe this day with fasting, prayers, and special worship to Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, seeking happiness and abundance. They also perform acts of charity like feeding the poor and donating essentials. Thus, Akshaya Tritiya beautifully blends cultural practices, devotion, and prosperity, making it one of the most important days in the Hindu calendar. Spiritual Importance & Cultural Significance Akshaya Tritiya, also known as Akha Teej, is regarded as one of the most sacred and auspicious festivals in Hindu tradition, celebrated on the third day of the bright fortnight (Shukla Paksha) of the Vaishakha month, usually falling in April or May. The word Akshaya translates to “imperishable” or “never diminishing,” symbolizing eternal prosperity, success, and happiness. It is believed that any act of virtue, charity, or new beginning undertaken on this day multiplies endlessly and brings lasting blessings. The day is especially significant for starting new ventures, performing marriages, purchasing gold, or investing in property, as it is thought that prosperity gained on this day will grow forever. Mythologically, Akshaya Tritiya is linked with many divine events, including the birth of Lord Parashurama, the sixth incarnation of Lord Vishnu, and the beginning of the Treta Yuga. Another famous legend from the Mahabharata tells of Lord Krishna blessing Draupadi and the Pandavas with the miraculous Akshaya Patra, a vessel that provided them with unlimited food during their exile. On this day, devotees worship Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi with deep devotion, perform pujas, observe fasts, and engage in acts of charity such as feeding the needy and donating essentials. Akshaya Tritiya thus represents a perfect union of spirituality, prosperity, and cultural tradition, making it one of the most revered and widely celebrated festivals in Hindu culture. Food & Sweets & Modern Celebrations Akshaya Tritiya, also called Akha Teej, is one of the most auspicious and spiritually significant festivals celebrated by Hindus across India and Nepal. It falls on the third day of the bright fortnight (Shukla Paksha) in the Vaishakha month, usually in April or May. The word Akshaya means “imperishable” or “never diminishing,” symbolizing eternal prosperity, success, and good fortune. It is believed that any noble deed, act of charity, or investment undertaken on this day multiplies manifold and brings lasting benefits. For this reason, people consider it highly favorable to start new ventures, marriages, housewarming ceremonies, or to purchase gold and property, as wealth and prosperity gained on this day are thought to be ever-growing. Akshaya Tritiya is also deeply rooted in mythology, being associated with many sacred events. It marks the birth of Lord Parashurama, the sixth incarnation of Vishnu, and the beginning of the Treta Yuga. It is also remembered for the episode from the Mahabharata when Lord Krishna blessed Draupadi with the divine Akshaya Patra, a vessel that provided endless food to the Pandavas during their exile. On this day, devotees worship Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, observe fasts, perform pujas, and engage in acts of charity such as feeding the poor, donating grains, clothes, and essentials. Thus, Akshaya Tritiya is not just a day of material prosperity but also of spiritual elevation, symbolizing the eternal rewards of faith, generosity, and righteous living.

Jivitputrika Jivitputrika Vrat, also called Jitiya, is a significant Hindu festival observed by mothers, especially in Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Nepal, for the long life and well-being of their children. Celebrated in the month of Ashwin (September–October), it is a three-day festival that includes rituals of fasting, bathing in holy rivers, and offering prayers to Lord Vishnu. On the main fasting day, mothers observe a strict nirjala vrat (without food and water), showcasing their unconditional love and sacrifice for their children. The vrat is deeply rooted in the legend of Jimutavahana, who offered his own life to save a dying eagle’s child, symbolizing protection and selflessness. Women break their fast the next day after performing puja and rituals. The festival reflects the strength of maternal devotion, as mothers endure hardship for their children’s health, safety, and prosperity. Jivitputrika thus highlights the timeless bond between mother and child, celebrated with deep faith and community participation. Jivitputrika is a Hindu festival where mothers fast and pray for the long life and well-being of their children. Rituals & Traditions of Jivitputrika Jivitputrika, also called Jitiya, is a sacred Hindu festival dedicated to the well-being, longevity, and prosperity of children, mainly observed by mothers in Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Nepal. Celebrated during the Krishna Paksha of Ashwin month (September–October), the festival spans three days filled with devotion and rituals. It begins with Nahai-Khai, where mothers take a purifying bath and consume a simple meal, often rice, ghee, and vegetables, as preparation for the upcoming fast. The second day marks the core of the festival, known as Jivitputrika Vrat, where mothers observe a rigorous Nirjala fast, abstaining completely from food and water for an entire day and night. They offer prayers to Lord Jimutavahana, the legendary prince who sacrificed his own life to save others, symbolizing selflessness and protection. The fast reflects a mother’s unconditional love, sacrifice, and prayers for the safety and future of her children. On the third day, women conclude the vrat with rituals, offerings, and community worship. Jivitputrika not only strengthens family bonds but also highlights the deep spiritual significance of motherhood and devotion in Hindu culture. Spiritual Importance & Cultural Significance Jivitputrika, commonly known as Jitiya, is a revered Hindu festival observed by mothers for the long life, health, and prosperity of their children. It is mainly celebrated in Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Nepal during the Krishna Paksha of the Ashwin month (September–October). The festival is spread over three days and carries deep religious and emotional significance. On the first day, known as Nahai-Khai, mothers take a ritual bath and consume a simple meal, often rice, ghee, and pumpkin, which marks the preparation for the strict fast. The second day is the most important, called Jivitputrika Vrat, where mothers keep a Nirjala fast, abstaining entirely from food and water for 24 hours. During this time, they worship Lord Jimutavahana, a mythological figure celebrated for his supreme sacrifice to protect others’ lives, symbolizing selflessness and compassion. The fast reflects the strength, endurance, and unconditional love of mothers, who pray with devotion for the safety, success, and longevity of their children. On the third day, the vrat is concluded with puja, offerings, and community gatherings, where women break their fast. Jivitputrika beautifully portrays the sacred bond between mother and child, combining faith, sacrifice, and cultural tradition. Food & Sweets & Modern Celebrations Jivitputrika, also known as Jitiya, is a sacred Hindu festival that beautifully symbolizes the unconditional love, sacrifice, and prayers of mothers for the well-being of their children. It is mainly observed in Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Nepal during the Krishna Paksha of the Ashwin month, usually falling in September–October. The festival is spread across three days, each having its own ritual and importance. The first day is called Nahai-Khai, where mothers purify themselves by bathing in holy rivers or ponds and then eat a simple, sacred meal made of rice, ghee, and pumpkin. The second day is the core of the festival, observed as Jivitputrika Vrat, when mothers undertake a very strict Nirjala fast, refraining from food and even water for 24 hours. Despite the difficulty, they perform this vrat with complete devotion, praying to Lord Jimutavahana, a legendary figure known for sacrificing his life to save others. His story serves as a source of inspiration, reminding devotees of the values of sacrifice, compassion, and protection. On the third day, the fast is broken with rituals, offerings, and prayers, often performed collectively in temples or community spaces. Mothers sing traditional songs, narrate the story of Jimutavahana, and share festive joy. Jivitputrika is not merely a ritual but a cultural celebration that highlights the strength of mothers, their devotion, and their timeless bond with their children, making it one of the most heartfelt observances in Hindu tradition.